Overview of the Fourier Series and Fourier Transform, Rayleigh Energy Theorem, Inverse relation between time and frequency, transmission of signals through linear systems. Hilbert Transform and the notion of pre-envelope, Canonical representation of band-pass signals, phase and group delay, various types of amplitude modulation, their virtues, and limitations. Amplitude modulation (AM), Frequency translation, baseband signal recovery, spectrum of an AM signal, types of modulators, SSB and VSB modulation and their applications, Simple circuits/ SDR implementations for AM signal generation and demodulation, Superheterodyne receiver. Angle modulation, phase and Frequency Modulation (FM), Spectrum of an FM signal with sinusoidal modulation, Bandwidth of a sinusoidally modulated FM signal, Phasor diagram for FM signals, Spectrum of Wideband FM, Simple circuits/ SDR implementations for FM generation and demodulation. Stereophonic FM broadcasting, Simple circuits/ SDR implementations for FM signal generation and demodulation, Phase locked loops and their applications, Introduction to random processes. Review of probability theory, random variables, statistical averages, transformation of random variables, random processes, stationarity, Mean, Correlation and Covariance functions, Ergodicity. Transmission of a random process through a linear filter, power spectral density, Gaussian process, Noise, Mathematical representation of noise, Spectral components of noise, representation of noise using orthonormal components, irrelevant noise components. Review of FM demodulator principles, calculation of output signal and noise powers, pre-emphasis and deemphasis, commercial standards for preemphasis and deemphasis. Resistor noise, networks with reactive elements, available power, noise temperature, noise bandwidth, noise temperature, noise figure, receiver system example, antenna temperature and its significance. The sampling process and the sampling theorem, Pulse amplitude modulation, Time division multiplexing, Pulse position modulation, Bandwidth-Noise trade- off. Pulse Code modulation (PCM), Noise considerations in PCM, Delta modulation, Adaptive delta modulation. Matched filter, error rate due to noise, Inter-symbol interference, Nyquist’s criterion for distortion less baseband binary transmission, Correlative coding, Introduction to tapped delay line equalization.